Aprende Grupo Profesional

The Nature of Light: Wave or Particle? An Analysis from Classical and Quantum Physics Wave–Particle Duality as a Profound Epistemological Break Wave–particle duality should not be understood as a simple coexistence of two descriptive models applied interchangeably, but rather as a radical epistemological rupture in the way modern science conceives the relationship between theory, reality, and observation. Prior to the twentieth century, physics relied on a relatively stable ontology: objects were assumed to possess well-defined properties independently of observation, and scientific theories aspired to describe those properties as they “really were.” Within the framework of classical physics, light had to be something: either a substance composed of particles or a continuous disturbance propagating through space. The impossibility of coherently reducing light to one of these categories not only destabilized optics, but also challenged the very ideal of scientific objectivity inheri...

  Naturaleza de la luz: ¿Onda o partícula?  Un análisis desde la física clásica y cuántica

  What Are Conventions and What Are They For? Social, Cultural, and Institutional Functions of Human Agreements Introduction: Why Talking About Conventions Matters Human societies are not sustained solely by written laws or by the direct coercion of political power. A large part of everyday social life—from how we greet one another to how we interpret a legal document or participate in a public ceremony—is organized through conventions : shared agreements, often implicit, that establish common expectations about behaviors, meanings, and procedures. Understanding what conventions are and what they are for means engaging with a fundamental dimension of social order that often goes unnoticed precisely because it functions effectively: when conventions work, they remain invisible; when they fail, conflict emerges. This article approaches conventions from a social sciences perspective, integrating sociological, historical, legal, and cultural frameworks. It does not limit itself to o...