Trigonometría: orígenes, historia, aplicaciones y su relevancia en México
Estas expansiones explican por qué las funciones son infinitamente diferenciables y permiten conectar trigonometría con ecuaciones diferenciales, análisis de Fourier y teoría de señales —áreas fundamentales en ingeniería.
EJEMPLO 1
Trigonometry: Origins, History, Applications, and Its Relevance in Mexico
Trigonometry is one of the most fascinating branches of mathematics, with a legacy that transcends cultures and centuries. It focuses on the study of the relationships between the sides and angles of triangles, and its foundations are essential for the advancement of science, technology, and engineering. Far from being an abstract field, trigonometry has played a key role in navigation, astronomy, architecture, and physics, and it remains indispensable in education and professional training, especially for students preparing to enter engineering.
When and Where Was It Discovered?
Trigonometry did not emerge from a single moment; it is the result of independent and continuous developments. In Greece (2nd century BCE onward), figures such as Hipparchus of Nicaea focused their work on astronomy and constructed chord tables to measure arcs and stellar positions; Ptolemy (2nd century CE) systematized this use in the Almagest, transforming astronomical knowledge into computational procedures. In India (5th century CE) —with Aryabhata as a central figure— the concept of jya (the precursor of the sine) appeared, facilitating the algorithmic manipulation of trigonometric ratios. In the Islamic world (9th–13th centuries) functions such as the tangent and spherical trigonometry were introduced and refined, becoming essential for the design of astrolabes and for determining the direction of Mecca (qibla). During the European Renaissance (15th–16th centuries), works such as those of Regiomontanus systematized and disseminated these tools, linking them to navigation and cartography in the Age of Discovery. Finally, in modern times, analytical formalization (series, complex numbers, transforms) deeply integrated trigonometry into physics and engineering. Each region contributed concepts, tables, and techniques that, together, consolidated trigonometry as a discipline.
Background and Key Contributions
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Hipparchus (c. 190–120 BCE): established tables and triangulation methods for astronomy.
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Ptolemy (c. 100–170 CE): published chord tables in the Almagest, enabling calculations of solar and planetary positions.
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Aryabhata (499 CE, India): introduced the conceptual transformation of arc treatment into jya (sine) and created value tables.
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Islamic tradition: al-Battānī (9th–10th c.) and Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī (1201–1274) advanced spherical trigonometry and astronomical measurements; al-Kāshī (ca. 1380–1429) worked on numerical precision and the rule we now call the law of cosines.
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Regiomontanus (15th c.): popularized treatises on applied trigonometry in Europe.
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Later, the development of infinite series (e.g., in Indian mathematical traditions and their rediscovery in Europe) created the bridge to modern analysis.
Uses Across Cultures and Eras
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Astronomy: from Babylon and Greece to India and the Islamic world, trigonometry was applied to predict eclipses, planetary positions, and calendars.
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Navigation and cartography: during the European Renaissance, plane and spherical trigonometry were essential for mapping and long-distance sea travel.
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Surveying and geodesy: triangulation and trigonometric laws enabled the measurement of the Earth for boundary mapping and land surveying.
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Engineering and architecture: trigonometry determines slopes, forces, and structural geometry (arches, domes, roof inclinations).
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Arts and music: harmonic relationships and sound wave modeling use trigonometric functions to describe timbre and frequencies.
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Modern technologies: in telecommunications (modulation, filters), electronics (AC circuit analysis), and signal processing (Fourier analysis), trigonometry —via Euler’s formula and trigonometric functions— is indispensable. Each culture adapted these tools to its own concrete problems—astronomical, religious, strategic, or practical—before they were transmitted and further refined.
Trigonometry in Mexico
In Mexican education, trigonometry is a required subject in upper secondary school and high school, serving as a bridge to engineering and the sciences. Public universities such as UNAM, IPN, and UAM include it as a core part of engineering and physical science programs. In professional practice, institutions like INEGI apply trigonometric principles in geodesy, cartography, and geodetic networks—activities essential for urban planning, infrastructure construction, and environmental monitoring. In Mexican civil engineering, trigonometry is used in bridge design, road gradients, cross-sectional calculations, and seismic risk studies (geometric evaluation of displacements and vibrations). Likewise, in archaeology and heritage studies, trigonometric techniques have helped document and reconstruct pre-Hispanic structures, though modern tools and concepts were integrated later.
EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 2
Referencias:
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Van Brummelen, G. (2015). What is Trigonometry? En Trigonometry: A Very Short Introduction (cap. 1). Princeton University Press.
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O’Connor, J. J., & Robertson, E. F. (s. f.). Trigonometric functions. MacTutor History of Mathematics, University of St Andrews.
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O’Connor, J. J., & Robertson, E. F. (s. f.). Arabic mathematics. MacTutor History of Mathematics, University of St Andrews.
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O’Connor, J. J., & Robertson, E. F. (s. f.). Hipparchus of Nicaea. MacTutor History of Mathematics, University of St Andrews.
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O’Connor, J. J., & Robertson, E. F. (s. f.). Regiomontanus. MacTutor History of Mathematics, University of St Andrews.
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Strick, H. K. (2009/2021). Jamshid al-Kashi (1380–1429) (trad. J. O’Connor). University of St Andrews.
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UNAM – Colegio de Ciencias y Humanidades (CCH). (s. f.). Matemáticas IV: Trigonometría. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
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INEGI. (2017). Desarrollo de los procesos de medición geodésica. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía.
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Weichman, F. (2024). Useful Integrals and Identities: Trigonometric Identities (apunte del curso CHM 305). Princeton University.
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Columbia University. (s. f.). Complex exponentials and Euler’s formula (apuntes de curso).
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